Race is a social construct and that social construct is very real and has real life consequences. There is nothing biological about race. But that doesn't necessarily mean groups can band together and start calling themselves a race. The social construct only works if society is down with that. Black, white, china man, and Canadian for example.
When Was Race Invented?
Centuries ago, global trade brought the world’s people into greater contact, raising awareness of human diversity. By the late 1500s, Europeans began using the term race. By about 1800, European sci- entists came up with three broad classifications for humanity. They coined the term Caucasian (meaning European and Western Asian) to desig- nate people with light skin and fine hair; Negroid (derived from Latin meaning “black”) to refer to people with dark skin and the coarse, curly hair typical of people living in sub-Saharan Africa; and Mongoloid (referring to the Mongolian region of Asia) to refer to people with yellow or brown skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids.
Are Races Real?
Sociologists are quick to point out that at best, racial categories are misleading and at worst, they are a harmful way to divide humanity. First, there is no biologically pure race. Because human beings have migrated and reproduced throughout the world, we find physical diversity everywhere. For example, Caucasian people can have very light skin (common in Scandinavia) or very dark skin (common in southern India). Similarly, Negroid people can be dark-skinned (common in Africa) or light-skinned (the Australian Aborigines).
Other physical traits often linked to race do not always line up the same way. For example, people with dark skin can have kinky hair (common in Africa) or straight hair (common in India). Biologists tell us that people in various racial categories differ in only about 6 percent of their genes, which is less than the genetic variation that we find within each racial category. What this means is that from a scientific standpoint, physical variation is real, but racial categories simply do not describe that reality very well (Boza, 2002; Harris & Sim, 2002).
Should Races Exist at All?
If racial categories are not real, why do they exist? Some sociol- ogists argue that dividing humanity into racial categories is simply a strategy to allow some people to dominate others (Bonilla-Silva, 1999; Johnson, Rush, & Feagin, 2000; Zuberi, 2001). That is, Europeans attached cultural traits to skin color—constructing the “honest and rational” European versus the “beastlike” African and the “devious” Asian—in order to make themselves seem better than the peoples they wanted to control. In this way, European colonists justified oppressing people all over the world. North Americans did much the same thing, defining native peoples in less than human terms—as “red savages”—to justify killing them and taking their land. Similarly, when people of English ancestry needed Irish and Italian immigrants to work for low pay, they defined them as racially different (Ignatiev, 1995; Camara, 2000; Brodkin, 2007).
Well into the twentieth century, many southern states legally defined as “colored” anyone having as little as 1/32 African ances- try (that is, one African American great-great-great-grandpar- ent). By 1970, such “one drop of blood” laws had been over- turned by the courts, allowing parents to declare the race of their child as they wish (usually on the birth certificate). Even today, however, most people still consider racial identity important.
Multiracial People
Today, more people in this country than ever before identify themselves as multiracial. In a recent government survey, almost ll marriages in the United States. One predictable result is that the official number of multiracial births has tripled over the past twenty years and represents about 4 percent of all births (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). As time goes on, fewer members of our society will see one another in terms of rigid racial categories.
Ethnicity
Race revolves around biological traits, but ethnicity is a matter of culture. Ethnicity is a shared cultural heritage, which typically involves common ancestors, language, and religion. Just as U.S. society is racially diverse, so the population contains hundreds of distinctive ethnic categories. Table 3–1 shows the breadth of this nation’s racial and ethnic diversity.
Although race and ethnicity are different, the two may go together. For example, Korean Americans, Native Americans, and people of Italian or Nigerian descent share not only certain physical traits but ethnic traits as well.