STANDING ROCK, N.D.--A little more than 130 years ago, proud Sioux warriors fought the U.S. Army in the northern Great Plains--the vast flat sea of grass that once stretched across the north-central United States and into Canada.
Today, much of this vast grassland, now dotted with cities and farms, is covered with deep and blowing snow. And now, not only are the Sioux who live on reservations battling the worst winter weather in living memory, they are also battling for their very survival as a people.
By mid-January, eight people had frozen to death in North Dakota alone, along with 15,000 cattle. On January 21, President Clinton declared the entire state of North Dakota a federal disaster area.
Government Cutbacks
The harsh winter weather could not have come at a worse time for the Sioux. They, along with the more than 1 million other Native Americans living on reservations, have suffered huge cutbacks in government aid in everything from home repair to education. Because government aid for home repair has dropped by one-third since 1995, many homes on the Standing Rock Reservation have holes in their walls. Families can stuff the holes with rags and keep the snow out, but they can't keep out the cold.
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Unemployment on the Standing Rock Reservation is now at 75 percent, compared with 1.9 percent for North Dakota as a whole. On the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota, the unemployment rate is at a startling 85 percent.
Not all of the 555 federally recognized Native American tribes are as poverty-stricken as the Sioux. A few are rich. Still, according to the 1990 census, 31 percent--almost one-third--of all Native Americans earn incomes below the poverty line.
Lost Wars, Lost Land
How did Native Americans--with proud histories and rich cultures--end up as one of the poorest groups in the United States? The explanation lies in a tale of lost wars, lost lives, and lost land.
Between 1778 and 1868, the U.S. Senate approved no less than 370 treaties with Native American tribes, many after the tribes had been defeated in war. Under the treaties, Native Americans gave nearly 1 billion acres of land to the U.S. government. The government, in turn, pledged to protect the remaining Native American lands.
However, more often than not, the government violated those treaties, taking ever more land and resources from the tribes. The government tried to educate Native Americans in white ways.
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