1.2
What is True?
A little learning is a dangerous thing. This has never struck me as a
particularly profound or wise remark,* but it comes into its own in the
special case where the little learning is in philosophy (as it often is). A
scientist who has the temerity to utter the t-word ('true') is likely to
encounter a form of philosophical heckling which goes something like
this:
There is no absolute truth. You are committing an act of personal faith when
you claim that the scientific method, including mathematics and logic, is the
privileged road to truth. Other cultures might believe that truth is to be found in
a rabbit's entrails, or the ravings of a prophet up a pole. It is only your personal
faith in science that leads you to favour your brand of truth.
That strand of half-baked philosophy goes by the name of cultural
relativism. It is one aspect of the Fashionable Nonsense detected by Alan
Sokal and Jean Bricmont,12 or the Higher Superstition of Paul Gross and
Norman Levitt.13 The feminist version is ably exposed by Daphne Patai
and Noretta Koertge, authors of Professing Feminism: Cautionary Tales
from the Strange World of Women's Studies:1'
Women's Studies students are now being taught that logic is a tool of domination
... the standard norms and methods of scientific inquiry are sexist because they
are incompatible with 'women's ways of knowing'... These 'subjectivist' women
see the methods of logic, analysis and abstraction as 'alien territory belonging to
men' and 'value intuition as a safer and more fruitful approach to truth'.
How should scientists respond to the allegation that our 'faith' in logic
and scientific truth is just that - faith - not 'privileged' (favourite inword)
over alternative truths? A minimal response is that science gets
results. As I put it in River Out ofEden
Show me a cultural relativist at 30,000 feet and I'll show you a hypocrite ... If
you are flying to an international congress of anthropologists or literary critics,
the reason you will probably get there - the reason you don't plummet into a
ploughed field - is that a lot of Western scientifically trained engineers have got
their sums right.
Science boosts its claim to truth by its spectacular ability to make matter
and energy jump through hoops on command, and to predict what will
happen and when.
But is it still just our Western scientific bias to be impressed by
accurate prediction; impressed by the power to slingshot rockets around
Jupiter to reach Saturn, or intercept and repair the Hubble telescope;
impressed by logic itself? Well, let's concede the point and think
sociologically, even democratically. Suppose we agree, temporarily, to
treat scientific truth as just one truth among many, and lay it alongside
all the rival contenders: Trobriand truth, Kikuyu truth, Maori truth,
Inuit truth, Navajo truth, Yanomamo truth, IKung San truth, feminist
truth, Islamic truth, Hindu truth. The list is endless - and thereby hangs
a revealing observation.
In theory, people could switch allegiance from any one 'truth' to any
other if they decide it has greater merit. On what basis might they do
so? Why would one change from, say, Kikuyu truth to Navajo truth?
Such merit-driven switches are rare. With one crucially important exception.
Scientific truth is the only member of the list which regularly
persuades converts of its superiority. People are loyal to other belief
systems for one reason only: they were brought up that way, and they
have never known anything better. When people are lucky enough to
be offered the opportunity to vote with their feet, doctors and their
kind prosper while witch doctors decline. Even those who do not, or
cannot, avail themselves of a scientific education, choose to benefit
from the technology that is made possible by the scientific education of
others. Admittedly, religious missionaries have successfully claimed
converts in great numbers all over the underdeveloped world. But they
succeed not because of the merits of their religion but because of the
science-based technology for which it is pardonably, but wrongly, given
credit.
Surely the Christian God must be superior to our Juju, because Christ's
representatives come bearing rifles, telescopes, chainsaws, radios, almanacs
that predict eclipses to the minute, and medicines that work.